Fire can be an important survival tool as it not only provides heat, but also can be used for cooking, the smoke for signalling and is a boost for morale.
Before starting a fire, it is important to prepare for the fire, not only to have enough wood to keep the fire going but also to ensure safety. An important thing to think about is the site where the fire is going to be. This should be cleared of any material that could be burnt such as leaves, sticks or mulch. A recommended area is 3m around the fire. Avoid starting a fire if it is too windy. Consider the direction of the wind to minimise the chances of embers flying off into nearby grasslands or bush.
Preparing all of the kindling, sticks and more substantial wood should be done before the fire is started to ensure that the fire is not left unattended. To make the process of starting a fire easier, it is recommended not to pick up wood off the ground as it can be still wet.
To start a fire there are many different methods. If someone does not have modern starting methods such as matches or firelighters, other techniques can be used. These include:
Ferro rods– Also known as a metal match or fire striker, these rods are made of different metals that when struck produce a hot shower of sparks which can be put onto materials such as coconut husks or paperbark to start a fire. There are many different types of ferro rods and are easily carried. For more detailed instructions on starting a fire using a ferro rod, watch the video here.
Bow drill method– A traditional method of starting a fire used by indigenous people around the world, this method uses the friction of two pieces of wood being rubbed against each other to create heat which then can be used to make fire. For more info, watch the video here.
Hand Drill method– Another friction method, the hand drill has been used for thousands of years by Aboriginal people in Australia. To learn more about how to start a fire using the hand drill method, watch the video here.
It is important to recognise that an enormous amount of energy can be expended trying to start a fire using some of these traditional methods. In an emergency situation, where food may be limited, this needs to be taken into consideration when deciding if it is worth the effort.
After the fire is finished, it is essential to ensure that the fire is out completely. Spreading any ashes out and dousing them in dirt is important to prevent possible reignition from wind or hot weather.