Adventure, risks and exposure to hazards are often used in outdoor adventures as a tool to develop personal and leadership qualities. However, it may also put them into contact with
hazards that may cause negative program outcomes or result in participant or leader injury.
As part of the planning of an outdoor recreation activity, understanding the risks involved and their causes can mitigate the potential issues. The causal factors can be narrowed down to three main areas: people, equipment and environment.
People– It is important to recognise the individual differences of the people in the group and consider this when planning. Age, prior experience, health status and less tangible elements such as attitudes and emotional traits are all important. A good leader will adapt activities and work individually with the different people in the group to ensure a safe experience.
Equipment– Ensuring the equipment used in an activity is fit for use and not damaged will reduce the risks for the participants. Many outdoor activities, especially those undertaken by professional bodies will have legislated minimum standards. For anyone looking to go with a provider, this should be something that is looked into as a way to determine if they are a suitable organisation. However, for anyone engaged in any activity, regular maintenance and pre- use checks should be undertaken to minimise the chance of things going wrong.
Environment– Part of the planning process should include performing a check of the environment before engaging in an outdoor activity. An example of this could include observing surf conditions before entering the water to look at the swell and movement of water.
Below is an example of a review of the different causal factors for a rock climbing or abseiling program.
| Participants | Equipment | Environment |
| Size of group Skills/Knowledge Prior experience Health Age Emotions Attitudes | Clothing Footwear Helmets Harnesses Ropes Carabiners Knots | Rock Stability Anchor Stability Overhanging trees Rock edges Cliff access Weather Conditions |